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The GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm is a "stop task" designed to measure response inhibition. The primary response of interest here is the failure to inhibit responding when a "go" cue is unexpectedly accompanied by a "stop" cue. |
In this task, 5-digit numbers are presented in rapid sequence. Half of these numbers are target trials (matching stimuli) and half are filler trials (novel stimuli). This task features stop" trials for half of all target trials, where the matching number presented in black (the go cue) changes to red (the stop cue) at intervals ranging from 50 to 350 msec after the stimulus presentation. Participants are instructed to response while the matching number is still on the monitor, but not to respond if that number turns red. The main impulsivity variable obtained from this task is the percentage of inhibition failures, which is calculated from the number of responses made to stop trials divided by the total number of stop trials.
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GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm Bibliography
The effects of heroin administration and drug cues on impulsivity
Jones JD, Vadhan NP, Luba RR, Comer SD. (2016).
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38, 709-720. 
Do individuals higher in impulsivity drink more impulsively? A pilot study within a high risk sample of young adults.
Stevens AK, Littlefield AK, Talley AE, Brown JL. (2016).
Addictive Behavior, 65, 147-153.
Modeling impulsivity in forensic patients: A three-dimensional model of impulsivity
Tonnaer, F., CIma, M., and Arntz, A. (2016).
American Journal of Psychology, 129, 429-441.
Machine-learning identifies substance-specific behavioral markers for opiate and stimulant dependence.
Ahn, W.Y., and Vassileva, J. (2016).
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 161, 247-257.
Executive (Dys)Functioning and Impulsivity as Possible Vulnerability Factors for Aggression in Forensic Patients.
Tonnaer, F., Cima, M., and Arntz, A. (2016)
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204, 280-286.
The effects of oral d-amphetamine on impulsivity in smoked and intranasal cocaine users.
Reed, S. C., Evans, S. M. (2016).
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, 141-152.
Neurocognitive and psychiatric dimensions of hot, but not cool, impulsivity predict HIV sexual risk behaviors among drug users in protracted abstinence.
Wilson, M. J., and Vassileva, J. (2016).
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 42, 231-241.
Reduced cortical thickness and increased surface area in antisocial personality disorder
Jiang W, Li G, Liu H, Shi F, Wang T, Shen C, Shen H, Lee SW, Hu D, Wang W, Shen D. (2016)
Neuroscience, 337, 143-152.
Ruminative subtypes and impulsivity in risk for suicidal behavior.
Valderrama, J., Miranda, R., Jeglic, E. (2016).
Psychiatry Research, 236, 15-21.
Effects of tryptophan depletion and a simulated alcohol binge on impulsivity
Dougherty, D. M., Mullen, J., Hill-Kapturczak, N., Liang, Y., Karns, T. E., Lake, S. L., Mathias, C. M., and Roache, J. D. (2015).
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 109-121.
Tryptophan supplementation and the response to unfairness in healthy volunteers
Cerit H, Schuur RJ, de Bruijn ER, Van der Does W (2015).
Frontiers in Psychology, 6:1012.
Reduced inhibitory control predicts persistence in laboratory slot machine gambling
Deovs G, Clark L, Maurage P, Kazimierczuk M, and Billieux J (2015).
International Gambling Studies, 15, 408-421.
Psychological predictors of opportunistic snacking in the absence of hunger
Fay SH, White MJ, Finlayson G, King NA. (2015).
Eating Behaviors, 18, 156-159.
Holding a silver lining theory: When negative attributes heighten performance
Wesnousky AE, Oettingen G, Gollwitzer PM (2015).
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 57, 15-22.
Impact of stress on different components of impulsivity in borderline personality disorder
Cackowski S, Reitz AC, Ende G, Kleindienst N, Bohus M, Schmahl C, Krause-Utz A. (2014)
Psychological Medicine, 44, 3329-3340.
Impaired frontal-Basal Ganglia connectivity in adolescents with internet addiction
Li B, Friston KJ, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhang G, Cao F, Su L, Yao S, Lu H, Hu D (2014).
Scientific Reports, 4, 5027.
Heroin and amphetamine users display opposite relationships between trait and neurobehavioral dimensions of impulsivity
Vassileva J, Paxton J, Moeller FG, Wilson MJ, Bozgunov K, Martin EM, Gonzalez R, Vasilev G. (2014).
Addictive Behavior, 39, 652-629.
Dimensions of impulsive behavior and treatment outcomes for adolescent smokers
Harris M, Penfold RB, Hawkins A, Maccombs J, Wallace B, Reynolds B. (2014).
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22, 57-64.
Effects of heavy drinking on executive cognitive functioning in a community sample
Houston RJ, Derrick JL, Leonard, KE, Testa M, Quigley BM, Kubiak A. (2014).
Addictive Behaviors, 39, 345-349.
Relations among behavioral and questionnaire measures of impulsivity in a sample of suicide attempters
Bagge CL, Littlefield AK, Rosellini AJ, Coffey SF (2013)
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43, 460-467.
Dimensions of impulsive behavior in obese, overweight, and healthy-weight adolescents
Fields SA, Sabet M, Reynolds B. (2013).
Appetite, 70, 60-66.
Self-regulation, daily drinking, and partner violence in alcohol treatment-seeking men
Schumacher JA, Coffey SF, Leonard KE, O'Jile JR, Landy NC. (2013)
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21, 17-28.
Different subtypes of impulsivity differentiate uncontrolled eating and dietary restraint
Leitch MA, Morgan MJ, Yeomans MR. (2013)
Appetite, 69, 54-63.
It's what's inside that counts: The role of counterfactual content in intention formation
Smallman, R. (2013).
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 842-851.
A double-blind trial of the effect of docosahexaenoic acid and vitamin and mineral supplementation on aggression,
impulsivity, and stress
Long S-J, Benton D. (2013).
Human Psychopharmacology, 28, 238-247.
Volunteerism and self-selection bias in human positron emission tomography neuroimaging research
Oswald LM, Wand GS, Zhu S, Selby V (2013).
Brain Imaging and Behavior, 7, 163-176.
Utilizing a multimodal assessment strategy to examine variations of impulsivity among young adults engaged in co-occurring smoking and binge drinking behaviors
VanderVeen, J. W., Cohen, L. M., and Watson, N. L. (2013)
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 127, 1250-155.
Alcohol increases impulsivity and abuse liability in heavy drinking women
Reed, S. C., Levin, F. R., and Evans, S. M. (2012)
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 454-465.
The relationship between self-report and lab task conceptualizations of impulsivity
Cyders, M. A., and Coskunpinar, A. (2012).
Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 121-124.
Executive Function in Pathological Gamblers and Healthy Controls.
Ledgerwood, D. M., Orr, E. S., Kaploun, K. A., Milosevic, A., Frisch, G. R., Rupcich, N., and Lundahl, L. H. (2012).
Journal of Gambling Studies, 28, 89-103.
Investigation of impulsivity in a sample of treatment-seeking pathological gamblers: A multidimensional perspective
Billieux, J., Lagrange, G., Van der Linden, M., Lancon, C., Adida, M, Jeanningros, R. (2012).
Psychiatry Research, 198, 291-296.
Performance of young adult cannabis users on neurocognitive measures of impulsive behavior and their relationship to symptoms of cannabis use disorders
Gonzalez R, Schuster RM, Mermelstein RJ, Vassileva J, Martin EM, Diviak KR. (2012).
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34, 962-976.
Intolerance to delayed reward in girls with multiple suicide attempts.
Mathias, C. W., Dougherty, D. M., James, L. M., Richard, D. M., Dawes, M. A., Acheson, A., and Hill-Kapturczak, N. (2011).
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 41, 277-286. 
Adults with a family history of alcohol related problems are more impulsive on measures of response initiation and response inhibition
Acheson, A., Richard, D. M., Mathias, C. W., and Dougherty, D. M. (2011).
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 117, 198-203.
The relationship between psychopathy and impulsivity: A multi-impulsivity measurement approach
Morgan, J. E., Gray, N. S., and Snowden, R. J. (2011).
Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 429-434
Decision making and response inhibition as predictors of heavy alcohol use: A prospective study
Goudriaan, A. E., Grekin, E. R., and Sher, K. J. (2011).
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35, 1050-1057.
Impulsivity and risk-taking in co-occurring psychotic disorders and substance abuse.
Duva, S. M., Silverstein, S. M., and Spiga, R. (2011).
Psychiatry Research, 186, 351-355.
Impulsivity and risk-taking in borderline personality disorder with and without substance use disorders.
Coffey, S. F., Schumacher, J. A., Baschnagel, J. S., Hawk, L. W., Holloman, G. (2011)
Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2, 128-141
Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on three types of behavioral impulsivity
Dougherty, D. M., Richard, D. M., James, L. M., and Mathias, C. W. (2010).
International Journal of Tryptophan Research, 3, 99-111.
Lack of inhibitory control predicts cigarette smoking dependence: Evidence from a non-deprived sample of light to moderate smokers.
Billieux, J., Gay, P., Rochat, L, Khazaal, Y., Zullino, D., Van der Linden, M. (2010).
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 112, 164-167.
The effects of progesterone pretreatment on the response to oral d-amphetamine in women
Reed, S. C., Levin, F. R., and Evans, S. M. (2010).
Hormones and Behavior, 58, 533-543.
Effects of alcohol on tests of executive functioning in men and women: A dose response examination.
Guillot, C. R., Fanning, J. R., Bullock, J. S., McCloskey, M. S., and Berman, M. E. (2010).
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 409-417.
Features of functional MRI in children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
Liu, J., Zhu, Y., and Wu, Y. Z. (2010).
Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 33, 571-575.
Distinctions in behavioral impulsivity: Implications for substance abuse research.
Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W.,Marsh-Richard, D. M., Furr, R. M., Nouvion, S. O., and Dawes, M. A. (2009).
Addictive Disorders and Their Treatment, 8, 61-73.
Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: An update and review.
Stanford, M. S., Mathias, C. W., Dougherty, D. M., Lake, S. L., Anderson, N. E., and Patton, J. H. (2009).
Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 385-395
Impulsivity and clinical symptoms among adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury with or without attempted suicide.
Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W.,Marsh-Richard, D. M., Prevette, K. N., Dawes, M. A., Hatzis, E. S., Palmes, G., and Nouvion, S. O. (2009).
Psychiatry Research, 169, 22-27.
Dimensions of impulsivity in adolescent smokers and nonsmokers.
Fields, S., Collins, C., Leraas, K., and Reynolds, B. (2009).
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 302-311.
Behavioral assessment of impulsivity in pathological gamblers with and without substance use disorder histories versus health controls.
Ledgerwood, D. M., Alessi, S. M., Phoenix, N., and Petry, N. M. (2009).
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 105, 89-96.
Interaction between DRD2 C957T polymorphism and an acute psychosocial stressor on reward-related behavioral impulsivity.
White, M. J., Lawford, B. R., Morris C. P., and Young, R. McD. (2009).
Behavior Genetics, 39, 285-295.
Attentional bias modification in tobacco smokers.
Field, M., Duka, T., Tyler, E., and Schoenmakers, T. (2009).
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11, 812-822.
The effects of mindfulness on executive processes and autobiographical memory specificity.
Heeren, A., Van Broeck, N., and Philippot, P. (2009).
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 403-409.
Are personality and behavioral measures of impulse control convergent or distinct predictors of health behaviors?
Edmonds, G. W., Bogg, T., and Roberts, B. W. (2009)
Journal of Personality, 43, 806-814.
Severity of bipolar disorder is associated with impairment of response inhibition
Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG. (2009)
Journal of Affective Disorders, 116, 30-36.
A test of alcohol dose effects on multiple behavioral measures of impulsivity.
Dougherty, D. M., Marsh-Richard, D. M., Hatzis, E. S., Nouvion, S. O., Mathias, C. W. (2008).
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96, 111-120.
Behavioral phenotypes of impulsivity related to the ANKK1 gene are independent of an acute stressor.
White, M. J., Morris C. P., Lawford, B. R., and Young, R. McD. (2008).
Behavioral and Brain Functions, 4, 54.
Features of functional MRI in children with oppositional defiant disorder.
Liu, J., Zhu, Y., Wu, Y.Z. (2008).
Journal of Central South University (Medical Science), 33, 0571-0575.
The relationship between impulsivity and internet addiction in a sample of Chinese adolescents.
Cao, F., Su, L., Liu, T., and Gao, X. (2007).
European Psychiatry, 22, 466-471.
Laboratory and self-report assessment of impulsive behavior in adolescent daily smokers and nonsmokers.
Reynolds, B., Patak, M., Shroff, P., Penfold, R. B., Melanko, S., and Duhig, A. M. (2007).
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 264-271.
Laboratory measures
of impulsivity.
Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Marsh, D. M., and Jagar, A. A. (2005).
Behavior Research Methods, 37, 82-90.
Suicidal behaviors and drug abuse: Impulsivity and its assessment.
Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Marsh, D.M., Moeller, F.G., and Swann, A. C. (2004).
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76, 93s-105s.
Behavioral impulsivity paradigms: A comparison in hospitalized adolescents
with disruptive behavior disorders.
Dougherty, D. M., Bjork, J. M., Harper, R. A., Marsh, D. M., Moeller, F. G., Mathias, C. W., and Swann, A. C. (2003).
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1145-1157.
Comparison of women with high and low trait impulsivity using laboratory impulsivity models of response-disinhibition and reward-choice.
Marsh, D. M., Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Moeller, F. G., andHicks, L. R. (2002).
Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1291-1310.
Laboratory measures of impulsivity in hospitalized adolescents with disruptive
behavior disorders.
Bjork, J. M., Dougherty, D. M., Moeller, F. G., Harper, R. A., Scott-Gurnell, K., and Swann, A. C. (2000).
Biological Psychiatry, 47, 489.
