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Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks

The Immediate and Delayed Memory Task (IMT/DMT) program is a modified Continuous Performance Test that produces levels of performance that are sensitive to both group differences and pharmacological manipulation, even in high functioning populations. The IMT/DMT is designed to measure response initiation in impulsive behavior.

Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks

The IMT/DMT is a continuous performance test that was designed to assess impulsive behavior. The Immediate Memory Task involves comparison of consecutively presented number and responding in those instances when the current number matches the number immediately before it (called a correct detection). The Delayed Memory Task similarly involves responding to matching numbers, but the numbers to be compared a separated by a filler sequence (e.g. 12345).

Like all continuous performance tests, the IMT/DMT involves selectively responding target stimuli and avoiding responses to non-target stimuli that are presented in rapid sequence. For many years, continuous performance tests were primarily analyzed in terms of success in identifying target stimuli, which have been interpreted as measuring sustained attention. The characteristics of these test were selected to maximize sensitivity to individual differences in target responding and typically rates of non-target responding were low.

The IMT/DMT was created to test the notion that the non-target responding could be a sensitive measure impulsivity. The parameters of this new continuous performance test were modified so that certain types of non-target responding could be interpreted within a definition of impulsive behavior. The innovation of the IMT/DMT is the inclusion of catch stimuli that are very similar to targets: they match on all but one digit with the target sequence. This is in contrast with other non-target stimuli that are random and share very little overlap with the target. The concept here is that these very similar, catch stimuli, requirea long period of information processing in order to resolve as different from the target. More impulsive individuals will respond to these catch trials more often, because they emit the behavior prior to the completion of information processing. This is called by the authors Response Initiation Impulsivity. Another perspective has been to refer to this type of impulsivity as Rapid Response Impulsivity.

Inclusion of the catch trials and the timing of the stimulus delivery produce a response range that is broad and normally distributed. Additionally, the rates of impulsive responding) were sufficiently high that the test (1) avoids floor effects among higher functioning populations; and (2) is sensitive to detection of not just increases, but also decreases, in impulsive responding in response to an intervention.

IMT sample stimulus sequence DMT sample stimulus sequence

IMT/DMT Trial Types

Trial Definition
Target number identically matches the number appearing immediate before it
Catch number differs previous number by only a single digit
Filler number completely differs from previous number
Distracter fixed number sequences, typically 12345

IMT/DMT Variable Types

Trial Definition
Correct Detections responding to a target trial
Commission Errors responding to a catch trial
Filler Errors responding to a filler trial
Distracter Errors responding to a distracter trial

IMT/DMT Parameters*

Trial Definition
Task Type allows the experimenter to select session with both IMT/DMT, IMT only, or DMT only
Stimuli 5 digit numbers
Stimulus Onset/Offset 500 msec
Test Duration 21.5 minutes for IMT/DMT at default settings and 11 minutes for 2 block IMT only or DMT only session
Payment Participants can be reinforced with points earned or lost based on responses to target, catch, filler, and/or distracter trials

*While these are the default task settings, many aspects of the IMT/DMT stimulus parameters are readily modifiable using the setup screen.

Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks Setup Screen

Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks Setup Screen

Analyses of the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks

  • What variable is used to test impulsivity?

    The impulsive responses on the IMT/DMT are commission errors: the responses to the catch stimuli. However, in many populations or treatment settings these commission errors must be interpreted within the context of the overall response rates and accuracy of performance. For this reason, it has often been more useful to report the impulsive response as the ratio of commission errors to correct detections. This formula is defined as: (Number of commission errors / number of catch trials) / (Number of correct detections / number of target trials) How is interpretability of performance assessed? Performance based measures of impulsivity must be evaluated for the interpretability of their scores. While most scores will be interpretable, some data may be excluded when participant cooperation, effort, and/or comprehension is in question.

  • Evaluation of performance interpretability requires thoughtful examination of responses to the non-impulsive stimuli.

    Questions must be asked about how low of correct detection rates and how high of filler error rates are acceptable. There is a range of correct detections reflecting low to high levels of sustained attention. However at some low level of correct responding to target stimuli, there arises uncertainty about the interpretability of performance. If correct detections are too low, it is likely because the participant either did not understand the response requirements of the test or was unable to exert effort to perform the task. In these situations, impulsive performance should not be interpreted. A similar concept applies to filler errors; response rates to the random non-matching should be low, and when they rise too high, again understanding or effort of the participant is called into question.

  • What are recommended cut-off’s for correct detection and filler error rates?

    This really depends on your local population. Having examined large, international datasets with diverse populations, it is apparent that that exclusion criteria must be based on your local population. We encourage you to contact the test authors to develop an algorithm for selecting an inclusion criterion. Additionally, we recommend reporting these criteria as well as the correct detection and filler error rates in publications with the IMT/DMT.

Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks Bibliography

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    Toro, J; Blanco, L; Orozco-Cabal, LF; Diaz, C; Reyes, S; Burbano, L; Cuellar-Giraldo, DF; Duque, A; Patino, J; Cortes, F (2018).

    Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 22, 148-152. PubMed Icon

  • Positive Urgency Is Related to Difficulty Inhibiting Prepotent Responses.

    Johnson, SL; Tharp, JA; Peckham, AD; Sanchez, AH; Carver, CS (2016).

    Emotion, 16, 750-759. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Do individuals higher in impulsivity drink more impulsively? A pilot study within a high risk sample of young adults.

    Stevens, AK; Littlefield, AK; Talley, AE; Brown, JL (2017).

    Addictive Behavior, 65, 147-153.

  • Effect of trait anxiety on cognitive test performance in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

    Ruf BM, Bessette KL, Pearlson GD, Stevens MC. (2017).

    Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 39, 434-447.

  • One Week of Naltrexone Treatment Does Not Reduce Impulsivity During Inpatient Treatment of Alcohol-dependent Patients: An Open-label Study.

    Zorlu, N, Zorlu, PK, Tok, T, Erol, A., Mete, L (2016).

    Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 15, 25-33.

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    Sysko R, Ojserkis R, Schebendach J, Evans SM, Hildebrandt T, Walsh BT. (2017).

    Appetite, 112, 1-8. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Delay discounting and response disinhibition under acute experimental stress in women with borderline personality disorder and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

    Krause-Utz A, Cackowski S, Daffner S, Sobanski E, Plichta MM, Bohus M, Ende G, Schmahl C. (2016).

    Psychological Medicine, 46, 3137-3149. PubMed Icon

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    DeVito EE, Herman AI, Konkus NS, Zhang H, Sofuoglu M. (2017).

    Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 159, 5-61. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Immediate versus delayed visual memory task performance among schizophrenic patients and normal control subjects.

    Dougherty DM, Steinberg JL, Wassef AA, Medearis D, Cherek DR, Moeller FG (1998).

    Psychiatry Research, 79, 255-265 PubMed Icon

  • Alcohol increases commission errors for a continuous performance test.

    Dougherty DM, Moeller FG, Steinberg JL, Marsh DM, Hines SE, Bjork JM (1999).

    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 1342-1351 PubMed Icon

  • Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: Relation to control subjects and type-1/type-2 like traits

    Bjork JM, Hommer DW, Grant SJ, Canube C (2004)

    Alcohol, 34, 133-150 PubMed Icon

  • P300 event-related potential amplitude and impulsivity in cocaine-dependent subjects.

    Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Fischer CJ, Dougherty DM, Reilly EL, Mathias CW, Swann AC (2004).

    Neuropsychobiology, 50, 167-173. PubMed Icon

  • Suicidal behaviors and drug abuse: impulsivity and its assessment.

    Dougherty DM, Mathias CW, Marsh DM, Moeller FG, Swann AC (2004).

    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76s, s93-s105 PubMed Icon

  • Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: Relation to control subjects and type1-/type2-like traits.

    Bjork JM, Hommer DW, Grant SJ, Danube C (2004).

    Alcohol, 34, 133-150.

  • Increased impulsivity associated with severity of suicide attempt history in patients with bipolar disorder.

    Swann AC, Dougherty DM, Pazzaglia PJ, Pham M, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG (2005).

    American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1680-1687. PubMed Icon

  • Acute yohimbine increased laboratory-measured impulsivity in normal subjects.

    Swann AC, Birnbaum D, Jagar AA, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG (2005).

    Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1209-1211. PubMed Icon

  • Reduced anterior corpus callosum white matter integrity is related to increased impulsivity and reduced discriminability in cocaine-dependent subjects: Diffusion tensor imaging.

    Moeller FG, Hasan KM, Steinberg JL, Kramer LA, Dougherty DM, Santos RM, Valdes I, Swann AC, Barratt ES, Narayana PA (2005).

    Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 610-617. PubMed Icon

  • Measuring impulsivity in adolescents with serious substance and conduct problems.

    Thompson LL, Whitmore EA, Raymond KM, Crowley TJ (2006).

    Assessment, 13, 3-15 PubMed Icon

  • Impulsivity and Bipolar Disorder.

    Najt P, Perez J, Sanchez M, Pelus MAM, Glahn D, Soares JC (2007).

    European Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 313-320. PubMed Icon

  • Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with recurrent self-harm: Single-centre double-blind randomised controlled trial.

    Hallahan B, Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, Garland MR (2007).

    British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 118-122. PubMed Icon

  • Interactive effects of sex and 5-HTTLPR on mood and impulsivity during tryptophan depletion in healthy people.

    Walderhaug E, Magnusson A, Neumeister A, Lappalainen J, Lunde H, Resum H, Landro NI (2008).

    Biological Psychiatry, 62, 593-599. PubMed Icon

  • Are personality and behavioral measures of impulse control convergent or distinct predictors of health behaviors?

    Edmonds GW, Bogg, T, and Roberts, BW (2009)

    Journal of Personality, 43, 806-814.

  • Baseline neurocognitive profiles differentiate abstainers and non-abstainers in a cocaine clinical trial

    Schmitz JM, Mooney ME, Green CE, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Swann AC, and Moeller FG (2009)

    Journal of Addictive Disorders, 28, 250-257. PubMed Icon

  • Multidimensional assessments of impulsivity in subjects with a history of suicide attempts.

    Wu C-S, Liao S-C, Lin K-M, Tseng MM-C, Wu EC-H, and Liu S-K (2009)

    Comprehensive Psychiatry, 315-321 PubMed Icon

  • Evaluation of behavioral impulsivity and aggression tasks as endophenotypes for Borderline Personality Disorder.

    McCloskey MS, New AS, Siever LJ, Goodman M, Koenigsberg HW, Flory JD, Coccaro E F (2009).

    Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 1036-1048 PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Behavioral assessment of impulsivity in pathological gamblers with and without substance use disorder histories versus health controls.

    Ledgerwood DM, Alessi SM, Phoenix N, Petry NM (2009).

    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 105, 89-96 PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Severity of bipolar disorder is associated with impairment of response inhibition.

    Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Moeller FG (2009).

    Journal of Affective Disorders, 116, 30-36. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • P50, N100, and P200 sensory gating: Relationships with behavioral inhibition, attention, and working memory.

    Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Meier SL, Boutros NN, Burroughs S, Steinberg JL, Gerard Moeller F, Swann AC. (2009).

    Psychophysiology, 46, 1059-1068 PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Trait impulsivity and response inhibition in antisocial personality disorder.

    Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG (2009).

    Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 1057-1063. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • The short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter polymorphism and acute tryptophan depletion both increase impulsivity in men.

    Walderhaug E, Herman AI, Magnusson A, Morgan MJ, and Landro NI (2010).

    Neuroscience letters, 473, 208-211. PubMed Icon

  • Working memory fMRI activation in cocaine-dependent subjects: Association with treatment response.

    Moeller FG, Steinberg JL, Schmitz JM, Ma L, Liu S, Kjome KL, Rathnayaka N, Kramer LA, and Narayana PA (2010).

    Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 181, 174-182. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Relationship between impulsivity and decision making in cocaine dependence.

    Kjome KL, Lane SD, Schmitz JM, Green C, Ma L, Prasla I, Swann AC, and Moeller FG (2010).

    Psychiatry Research, 178, 299-304. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • The effects of progesterone pretreatment on the response to oral d-amphetamine in women

    Reed, SC, Levin FR, and Evans SM (2010).

    Hormones and Behavior, 58, 533-543. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Impulsivity in Anxiety Disorder Patients: Is it related to comorbid cyclothymia?

    Perugi G, Del Carlo A, Benvenuti M, Fornaro M, Toni C, Akiskal K, Dell'Osso L, Akiskal H (2011).

    Journal of Affective Disorders, 133, 600-606. PubMed Icon

  • Do executive and reactive disinhibition mediate the effects of familial substance use disorders on adolescent externalizing outcomes?

    Handley ED, Chassin L, Haller MM, Bountress KE, Dandreaux D, Beltran I (2011).

    Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 12, 528-542. PubMed Icon

  • Interacting mechanisms of impulsivity in bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder

    Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, and Moeller FG (2011)

    Journal of Psychiatry Research, 45, 1477-1482. PubMed Icon

  • Criminal conviction, impulsivity, and course of illness in bipolar disorder

    Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Kjome KL, Steinberg JL, and Moeller FG (2011).

    Bipolar Disorders, 13, 173-181. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Different measures of impulsivity in patients with anxiety disorders: A case control study

    Del Carlo A, Benvenuti M, Fornaro M, Toni C, Rizzato S, Swann AC, Dell'Osso L, and Perugi G (2012).

    Psychiatry Research, 197, 231-236. PubMed Icon

  • The relationship between self-report and lab task conceptualizations of impulsivity

    Cyders MA, and Coskunpinar A (2012).

    Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 121-124.

  • Nonsuicidal self-injury: Relationship to behavioral and self-rating measures of impulsivity and aggression

    McCloskey MS, Look AE, Chen EY, Pajoumand G, and Berman ME (2012).

    Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42, 197-209. PubMed Icon

  • Neurocognitive performance in drug-dependent males and females with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms

    Paxton, JL; Vassileva, J; Gonzalez, R; Maki, PM; Martin, EM (2012).

    Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34, 521-530. PubMed Icon

  • Traumatic brain injury, executive functioning, and suicidal behavior: A brief report

    Homaifar BY, Brenner LA, Forster JE, Nagamoto H. (2012).

    Rehabilitation Psychology, 57, 337-341. PubMed Icon

  • Working memory load modulation of parieto-frontal connections: Evidence from dynamic causal modeling

    Ma LS, Steinberg JL, Hasan KM, Narayana PA, Kramer LA, Moeller FG (2012).

    Human Brain Mapping, 33, 1850-1867 PubMed Icon

  • The relationship between impulsive choice and impulsive action: a cross-species translational study

    Broos N, Schmaal L, Wiskerke J, Kostelijk L, Lam T, Stoop N, Weierink L, Ham J, de Geus EJ, Schoffelmeer AN, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, de Vries TJ, Pattij T, Goudriaan AE (2012)

    PLoS One, 75, e36781. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Alcohol increases impulsivity and abuse liability in heavy drinking women

    Reed SC, Levin FR, Evans SM. (2012)

    Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 454-465. PubMed Icon

  • Profile of male adolescents with conduct disorder on intellectual efficacy, cognitive flexibility, cognitive coping, impulsivity and alexithymia: A comparison with high-risk controls

    Pihet, S; Suter, M; Halfon, O; Stephan, P. (2012).

    European Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 215-226.

  • Volunteerism and self-selection bias in human positron emission tomography neuroimaging research

    Oswald LM, Wand GS, Zhu S, Selby V (2013).

    Brain Imaging and Behavior, 7, 163-176. PubMed Icon

  • Impulsivity in relation to stress in patients with Borderline Personality Disorder with and without co-occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

    Krause-Utz A, Sobanski E, Alm B, Valerius G, Kleindienst N, Bohus M, Schmahl C. (2013).

    The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 116-123 PubMed Icon

  • Effects of short-term varenicline administration on emotional and cognitive processing in healthy, non-smoking adults: a randomized, double-blind, study

    Mocking RJ, Patrick Pflanz C, Pringle A, Parsons E, McTavish SF, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. (2013).

    Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 476-484. PubMed Icon

  • Effects of escitalopram on attentional bias to cocaine-related stimuli and inhibitory control in cocaine-dependent subjects.

    Liu S, Lane SD, Schmitz JM, Cunningham KA, John VP, Moeller FG. (2013).

    Journal of Psychopharmacology, 27, 801-807. PubMed Icon

  • Norepinephrine and impulsivity: effects of acute yohimbine

    Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Cox B, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG. (2013).

    Psychopharmcology, 229, 83-94. PubMed Icon

  • Relations among behavioral and questionnaire measures of impulsivity in a sample of suicide attempters

    Bagge CL, Littlefield AK, Rosellini AJ, Coffey SF (2013)

    Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43, 460-467. PubMed Icon

  • Pre-attentive information processing and impulsivity in bipolar disorder.

    Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Acas MD, Cox B, Moeller FG. (2013).

    Journal of Psychiatry Research, 47, 1917-1924. PubMed Icon

  • An investigation of the effects of antiretroviral central nervous system penetration effectiveness on procedural learning in HIV+ drug users

    Wilson MJ, Martin-Engel L, Vassileva J, Gonzalez R, Martin EM (2013).

    Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35, 915-925. PubMed Icon

  • Toward a theory of distinct types of “impulsive” behaviors: A meta-analysis of self-report and behavioral measures

    Sharma L, Markon KE, Clark LA (2014).

    Psychological Bulletin, 140, 374-408. PubMed Icon

  • Heroin and amphetamine users display opposite relationships between trait and neurobehavioral dimensions of impulsivity

    Vassileva J, Paxton J, Moeller FG, Wilson MJ, Bozgunov K, Martin EM, Gonzalez R, Vasilev G. (2014).

    Addictive Behavior, 39, 652-629. PubMed Icon

  • Alcohol intoxication alters cognitive skills mediated by frontal and temporal brain regions

    Magrys SA, Olmstead MC (2014).

    Brain and Cognition, 85, 271-276. PubMed Icon

  • Executive functioning and suicidal behavior among veterans with and without a history of traumatic brain injury.

    Brenner LA, Bahraini N, Homaifar BY, Monteith LL, Nagamoto H, Dorsey-Holliman B, Forster JE. (2015).

    Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96, 1411-1418. PubMed Icon

  • Allopregnanolone association with psychophysiological and cognitive functions during acute smoking abstinence in premenopausal women.

    Allen AM, al'Absi M, Lando H, Allen SS (2015)

    Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 22-28.

  • Sex differences in cognitive and motor impulsivity among users of different classes of drugs in protracted abstinence

    Wilson MJ, VAsilev G, Moeller FG, Vassileva J (2015).

    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 146, e24.

  • Attentional capacities of children with autism spectrum disorder

    Shahrokhi H, Mahmood Aliloo M, Mehdizadeh Fanid L, Amiri S, Yadegari N. (2015).

    Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence, 60, S208

  • Verbal versus physical aggression in Intermittent Explosive Disorder.

    Look AE, McCloskey MS, Coccaro EF. (2015).

    Psychiatry Research, 225, 531-539. PubMed Icon

  • Trait impulsivity and increased pre-attentional sensitivity to intense stimuli in bipolar disorder and controls

    Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Moeller FG, Steinberg JL, Swann AC. (2015).

    Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 190-194. PubMed Icon

  • Further evidence of the heteroogeneous nature of impulsivity.

    Caswell AJ, Bond R, Duka T, Morgan MJ (2015).

    Pesonality and Individual Differences, 76, 68-74.

  • Neurocognitive and psychiatric dimensions of hot, but not cool, impulsivity predict HIV sexual risk behaviors among drug users in protracted abstinence.

    Wilson, M. J., and Vassileva, J. (2016).

    American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 42, 231-241. PubMed Icon

  • The effects of oral d-amphetamine on impulsivity in smoked and intranasal cocaine users.

    Reed, S. C., Evans, S. M. (2016).

    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, 141-152. PubMed Icon

  • Utility of machine-learning approaches to identify behavioral markers for Substance Use Disorders: Impulsivity dimensions as predictors of current Cocaine Dependence

    Ahn, W. Y., Ramesh, D., Moeller, F. G., and Vassileva, J. (2016).

    Frontiers in Psychiatry, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00034

  • Machine-learning identifies substance-specific behavioral markers for opiate and stimulant dependence.

    Ahn, W.Y., and Vassileva, J. (2016).

    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 161, 247-257. PubMed Icon

  • Factors associated with money mismanagement among adults with severe mental illness and substance abuse

    Moore, BA, Black AC, Rosen MI. (2016).

    International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 400-409. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Do individuals higher in impulsivity drink more impulsively? A pilot study within a high risk sample of young adults.

    Stevens AK, Littlefield AK, Talley AE, Brown JL. (2016).

    Addictive Behavior, 65, 147-153. PubMed Icon

  • The effects of heroin administration and drug cues on impulsivity

    Jones JD, Vadhan NP, Luba RR, Comer SD. (2016).

    Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38, 709-720. PubMed Icon

  • Using contingency management procedures to reduce at-risk drinking in heavy drinkers

    Dougherty, D. M., Lake, S. L., Hill-Kapturczak, N., Liang, Y., Karns, T. E., Mullen, J., and Roache, J. D. (2015).

    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39, 109-121. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Reliability estimates for the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks.

    Mathias, C. W., Marsh, D. M., and Dougherty, D. M. (2002).

    Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95, 559-569. PubMed Icon

  • Effects of tryptophan depletion and a simulated alcohol binge on impulsivity.

    Dougherty, D. M., Mullen, J., Hill-Kapturczak, N., Liang, Y., Karns, T. E., Lake, S. L., Mathias, C. M., and Roache, J. D. (2015).

    Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 109-121. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Adults with a family history of alcohol related problems are more impulsive on measures of response initiation and response inhibition.

    Acheson, A., Richard, D. M., Mathias, C. W., and Dougherty, D. M. (2011).

    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 117, 198-203. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on three types of behavioral impulsivity.

    Dougherty, D. M., Richard, D. M., James, L. M., and Mathias, C. W. (2010).

    International Journal of Tryptophan Research, 3, 99-111. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Distinctions in behavioral impulsivity: Implications for substance abuse research.

    Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Marsh-Richard, D. M., Furr, R. M., Nouvion, S. O., and Dawes, M. A. (2009)

    Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 8, 61-73. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: An update and review.

    Stanford, M. S., Mathias, C. W., Dougherty, D. M., Lake, S. L., Anderson, N. E., and Patton, J. H. (2009).

    Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 385-395.

  • A test of alcohol dose effects on multiple behavioral measures of impulsivity.

    Dougherty, D. M., Marsh-Richard, D. M., Hatzis, E. S., Nouvion, S. O., and Mathias, C. W. (2008).

    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96, 111-120. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • The effects of alcohol on laboratory-measured impulsivity after L-Tryptophan depletion or loading.

    Dougherty, D. M., Marsh, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Dawes, M. A., Bradley, D. M., Morgan, C. J., and Badawy, A. A.-B. (2007).

    Psychopharmacology, 193, 137-150. PubMed Icon

  • Behavioral impulsivity in adolescents with Conduct Disorder who use Marijuana.

    Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Liguori, A., Marsh, D. M. Dawes, M. A. and Moeller, F. G. (2007).

    Addictive Disorders and Their Treatment, 6, 43-50.

  • Manic symptoms and impulsivity during bipolar depressive episodes.

    Swann, A. C., Gerard Moeller, F., Steinberg, J. L., Schneider, L., Barratt, E. S., and Dougherty, D. M. (2007).

    Bipolar Disorders, 9, 206-212 PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon

  • Increased impulsivity associated with severity of suicide attempt history in patients with Bipolar Disorder. 

    Swann, A. C., Dougherty, D. M., Pazzaglia, P. J., Pham, M., Steinberg, J. L., and Moeller, F. G. (2005).

    American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1680-1687. PubMed Icon

  • Age at first drink relates to behavioral measures of impulsivity: The Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks.

    Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Lee, M. A., and Marsh, D. M. (2004).

    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 408-414. PubMed Icon

  • Suicidal behaviors and drug abuse: Impulsivity and its assessment.

    Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Marsh, D. M., Moeller, F. G., and Swann, A. S. (2004).

    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76, 93-105. PubMed Icon

  • Laboratory measured behavioral impulsivity relates to suicide attempt history.

    Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Marsh, D. M., Papageorgiou, T. D., Swann, A. C., and F. G. Moeller (2004).

    Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 34, 374-385. PubMed Icon

  • Functional MRI study of working memory in MDMA users.

    Moeller, F. G., Steinberg, J. L., Dougherty, D. M., Narayana, P. A., Kramer, L., and Renshaw, P. F. (2004).

    Psychopharmacology, 177, 185-194. PubMed Icon

  • Impulsivity: A link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse.

    Swann, A. C., Dougherty, D. M., Pazzaglia, P. J., Pham, M., and Moeller, F. G. (2004).

    Bipolar Disorders, 6, 204-212. PubMed Icon

  • Behavioral impulsivity paradigms: A comparison in hospitalized adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders.

    Dougherty, D. M., Bjork, J. M., Harper, R. A., Marsh, D. M., Moeller, F. G., Mathias, C. W, and Swann, A. C. (2003).

    Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44, 1145-1157. PubMed Icon

  • Validation of the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks in hospitalized adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders.

    Dougherty, D. M., Bjork, J. M., Harper, R. A., Mathias, C. W., Moeller, F. G., and Marsh, D. M. (2003).

    Psychological Record, 53, 509-532.

  • Familial transmission of continuous performance test behavior: Attentional and impulsive response characteristics.

    Dougherty, D. M., Bjork, J. M., Moeller, F. G., Harper, R. A., Marsh, D. M., Mathias, C. W., and Swann, A. C. (2003).

    Journal of General Psychology, 130, 5-21. PubMed Icon

  • Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks: A computerized behavioral measure of memory, attention and impulsivity.

    Dougherty, D. M., Marsh, D. M., Mathias, C. W., and Steinberg, J. L. (2002).

    Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34, 391-398. PubMed Icon

  • Comparison of women with high and low trait impulsivity using laboratory impulsivity models of response-disinhibition and reward-choice.

    Marsh, D. M., Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Moeller, F. G., and Hicks, L. R. (2002).

    Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1291-1310.

  • Two models of impulsivity: Relationship to personality traits and psychopathology.

    Swann, A. C., Bjork, J. M., Moeller, F. G., and Dougherty, D. M. (2002).

    Biological Psychiatry, 51, 988-994. PubMed Icon

  • Effects of Moderate and High Doses of Alcohol on Attention, Impulsivity, Discriminability, and Response Bias in Immediate and Delayed Memory Task Performance.

    Dougherty, D. M., Marsh, D. M., Moeller, F. G., Chokshi, R. V., and Rosen, V. C. (2000).

    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 1702-1711.

  • A test of the psychometric characteristics of the BIS-Brief among three groups of youth

    Mathias, C. W., Stanford, M. S., Liang, Y., Goros, M., Charles, N. E., Sheftall, A. H., Mullen, J., Hill-Kapturczak, N., Acheson, A., Olvera, R. L., and Dougherty, D. M. (2018).

    Psychological Assessment, 30, 847-865. PubMed Icon PubMed Central - Free Full Text Icon